[T]he incentives under managed care are to create and maintain healthy populations. Epidemiology and public health provide the tools to optimize the health of populations. The following list presents some of these applications.

• Defining populations of interest.
• Understanding the character and dynamics of these populations.
• Determining the patterns of population health status, needs, risks, and demands over time and space.
• Linking these patterns to service delivery configurations to understand and enhance access within the system.
• Determining points of responsibility in providing medical or health (health promotion or prevention) services.
• Examining the practice variations of physicians with regard to services or geographic area and link these variations to case-mix, health status, costs, etc.
• Performing outcomes studies to assess the effectiveness or efficacy of medical or health services.
• Assisting in the identification of competitors and/or potential collaborators within specific product and geographic markets.
• Assisting in the negotiation of capitated contracts with respect to the incentive systems, accountability, and periodic evaluation of the appropriateness of both the capitation rate as well as the risk and liability allocation and future network capacity.
• Evaluating purchaser groups with regard to occupational and environmental risks and negotiating these risks into capitated contracts.
• Providing support services to purchaser groups with regard to health promotion, education, and prevention efforts.
• Benchmarking and comparing current system characteristics to other similar system characteristics.
• Examining the performance of providers and practitioners under different incentive plans as well as assessing the health status of their respective patients or enrollees.
• Assisting in data and information needs assessments as well as system development to meet these needs.

The potential value demonstrated by this type of approach is compelling. Managed care organizations, specifically their management intermediaries (i.e., third party administrators, health plans, medical services organizations, or practice management associations) will need to view these functions as a core competency along with claims management, information systems, and contracting.

Full Text of Article: The Application of Epidemiology to Managed Care

Author information: mccutcheon@jcmccutcheon.com

Copyright © 1997, McCutcheon & Co. All rights reserved.

Revised: June 27, 1997.

• Mergers Among Hospitals;
• Hospital Joint Ventures Relating to Equipment;
• Hospital Joint Ventures Relating to Services;
• Provision of Fee-Related Information;
• Provision of Non-Fee-Related Information;
• Exchange of Price and Cost Information;
• Joint Purchasing Arrangements;
• Physician Network Joint Ventures, and;
• Multiprovider Joint Ventures.

The two new statements on Physician Network Joint Ventures and Multiprovider Joint Ventures should be welcomed the health care industry, which has long criticized antitrust laws for impinging on collaborations that could improve patient care and competition between providers. See Statement of AMA on Antitrust Enforcement Policy.

FTC offers a variety of additional health-related antitrust information at its site, including: FTC/DOJ Health Care Policy Statements ~ Proger/Alliance for Managed Care at Global Competition Hearings ~ Legislative Hearings on Healthcare Issues ~ Application of the Antitrust Laws to Health Care Provider Networks ~ FTC's Pitofsky Outlines How Antitrust Enforcement can Adapt to Rapidly Changing Health ~ Health Care Antitrust Enforcement Issues ~ Antitrust, Medicare Reform and Health Care Competition ~ Reinventing Health Care Antitrust Enforcement ~ Topic and Yearly Indice of Health Care Antitrust Advisory ~ Starek: Beyond the Health Care Policy Statements ~ The Health Care and Antitrust Interface in an Era of Fundamental Industry-Wide ~ Antitrust Issues In Integrated Health Care Delivery Systems ~ FTC: Baer- Current Issues in Health Care Antitrust Enforcement ~ An Antitrust Progress Report for the FTC: Past, Present and Future

• 38 USC Sec. 1742. Inspections of nursing homes; restrictions on beneficiaries
• 42 USC Sec. 300e. Requirements of health maintenance organizations
• 42 USC Sec. 300e-1. Definitions
• 42 USC Sec. 300e-4. Loans and loan guarantees for initial operation costs
• 42 USC Sec. 300e-5. Application requirements
• 42 USC Sec. 300e-6. Administration of assistance programs
• 42 USC Sec. 300e-7. General provisions relating to loan guarantees and loans
• 42 USC Sec. 300e-8. Authorization of appropriations
• 42 USC Sec. 300e-9. Employees' health benefits plan
• 42 USC Sec. 300e-10. Restrictive State laws and practices
• 42 USC Sec. 300e-11. Continued regulation of health maintenance organizations
• 42 USC Sec. 300e-12. Limitation on source of funding for health maintenance organizations
• 42 USC Sec. 300e-13. Repealed.
• 42 USC Sec. 300e-14. Annual report
• 42 USC Sec. 300e-14a. Health services for Indians and domestic agricultural migratory and seasonal workers
• 42 USC Sec. 300e-15. Repealed.
• 42 USC Sec. 300e-16. Training and technical assistance
• 42 USC Sec. 300e-17. Financial disclosure
• 42 USC Sec. 489.20 Basic commitments.
• 42 USC Sec. 1395dd. Examination and treatment for emergency medical conditions and women in labor
• Cash Management Improvement Act
• Intergovernmental Cooperation Act
• The Single Audit Act

• Medicare Program; Schedule of Limits on Home Health Agency Costs Per Visit for Cost Reporting Periods Beginning on or After July 1, 1997; Notice, [Federal Register: July 1, 1997 (Volume 62, Number 126)] [Notices] [Page 35607-35634].
• Medicare Program; Changes to the Hospital Inpatient Prospective Payment Systems and Fiscal Year 1998 Rates; Proposed Rule, [Federal Register: June 2, 1997 (Volume 62, Number 105)] [Proposed Rules] [Page 29901-29951].
• Publication of the OIG Model Compliance Plan for Clinical Laboratories, [Federal Register: March 3, 1997 (Volume 62, Number 41)] [Notices] [Page 9435-9441]. This Federal Register notice sets forth the recently issued model compliance plan for clinical laboratories developed by the Office of Inspector General in cooperation with, and input from, several provider groups and industry representatives.
• Health Care Programs: Fraud and Abuse; Revised PRO Sanctions for Failing To Meet Statutory Obligations, [Federal Register: April 29, 1997 (Volume 62, Number 82)] [Rules and Regulations] [Page 23140-23144]. This final rule addresses revised procedures governing the imposition and adjudication of program sanctions, based on recommendations from State utilization and quality control peer review organizations (PROs), resulting from enactment of sections 214 and 231(f) of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996.
• Medicare Program; Establishment of an Expedited Review Process for Medicare Beneficiaries Enrolled in Health Maintenance Organizations, Competitive Medical Plans, and Health Care Prepayment Plans, [Federal Register: April 30, 1997 (Volume 62, Number 83)] [Rules and Regulations] [Page 23368-23376]. This final rule with comment period establishes a new administrative review requirement for Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in health maintenance organizations (HMOs), competitive medical plans (CMPs), and health care prepayment plans (HCPPs).
• Medicare and Medicaid Programs: Use of the OASIS as Part of the Conditions of Participation for Home Health Agencies, [Federal Register: March 10, 1997 (Volume 62, Number 46)] [Proposed Rules] [Page 11035-11064]. Specifically, this proposed rule would require that HHAs use a standard core assessment data set, the ``Outcomes and Assessment Information Set'' (OASIS), when evaluating adult, non-maternity patients.
• Medicare and Medicaid Programs; Revision of Conditions of Participation for Home Health Agencies and Use of Outcome Assessment Information Set (OASIS); Proposed Rules, [Federal Register: March 10, 1997 (Volume 62, Number 46)] [Proposed Rules] [Page 11003-11005]. We are publishing two notices of proposed rulemaking relating to revised conditions of participation that home health agencies must meet to participate in the Medicare and Medicaid programs. This introduction explains the background for the two proposed rules and the interrelationship of the two documents.
• Medicare Program; Electronic Cost Reporting for Skilled Nursing Facilities and Home Health Agencies, [Federal Register: January 2, 1997 (Volume 62, Number 1)] [Rules and Regulations] [Page 26-31].

• 42 CFR PART 406 - HOSPITAL INSURANCE ELIGIBILITY AND ENTITLEMENT SUBPART A - GENERAL PROVISIONS Selected provisions follow.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 406.1 Statutory basis.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 406.2 Scope.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 406.3 Definitions.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 406.5 Basis of eligibility and entitlement.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 406.6 Application or enrollment for hospital insurance.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 406.7 Forms to apply for entitlement under Medicare Part A.
• 42 CFR PART 412 - PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT SYSTEM FOR INPATIENT HOSPITAL SERVICES Selected provisions follow.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 412.1 Scope of part.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 412.2 Basis of payment.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 412.4 Discharges and transfers.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 412.6 Cost reporting periods subject to the prospective
  • 42 CFR Sec. 412.8 Publication of schedules for determining prospective
  • 42 CFR Sec. 412.10 Changes in the DRG classification system.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 412.71 Determination of base-year costs.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 412.75 Determination of the hospital-specific rate based on a
  • 42 CFR Sec. 412.80 General provisions.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 412.82 Payment for extended length-of-stay cases
  • 42 CFR Sec. 412.84 Payment for extraordinarily high-cost cases
  • 42 CFR Sec. 412.96 Special treatment: Referral centers.
• 42 CFR PART 482 - CONDITIONS OF PARTICIPATION FOR HOSPITALS SUBPART A - GENERAL PROVISIONS
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.1 Basis and scope.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.2 Provision of emergency services by nonparticipating
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.11 Condition of participation: Compliance with Federal,
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.12 Condition of participation: Governing body.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.21 Condition of participation: Quality assurance.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.22 Condition of participation: Medical staff.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.23 Condition of participation: Nursing services.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.24 Condition of participation: Medical record services.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.25 Condition of participation: Pharmaceutical services.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.26 Condition of participation: Radiologic services.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.27 Condition of participation: Laboratory services.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.28 Condition of participation: Food and dietetic services.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.30 Condition of participation: Utilization review.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.41 Condition of participation: Physical environment.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.42 Condition of participation: Infection control.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.51 Condition of participation: Surgical services.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.52 Condition of participation; Anesthesia services.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.53 Condition of participation: Nuclear medicine services.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.54 Condition of participation: Outpatient services.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.55 Condition of participation: Emergency services.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.56 Condition of participation: Rehabilitation services.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.57 Condition of participation: Respiratory care services.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.60 Special provisions applying to psychiatric hospitals.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.61 Condition of participation: Special medical record
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.62 Condition of participation: Special staff requirements
  • 42 CFR Sec. 482.66 Special requirements for hospital providers of
• 42 CFR PART 483 - CONDITIONS OF PARTICIPATION AND REQUIREMENTS FOR LONG TERM CARE FACILITIES Selected provisions follow.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 483.1 Basis and scope.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 483.5 Definitions.
• 42 CFR PART 488 - SURVEY AND CERTIFICATION PROCEDURES SUBPART A - GENERAL PROVISIONS Selected provisions follow.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 488.1 Definitions.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 488.3 Conditions of participation; Conditions for coverage and
  • 42 CFR Sec. 488.5 Effect of JCAHO or AOA accreditation.
• 42 CFR PART 489 - PROVIDER AGREEMENTS UNDER MEDICARE SUBPART A - GENERAL PROVISIONS Selected provisions follow.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 489.1 Statutory basis.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 489.2 Scope of part.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 489.3 Definitions.
  • 42 CFR Sec. 489.10 Basic requirements.
• 42 CFR PART 491, SUBPART A: RURAL HEALTH CLINICS
  • Sec. 491.1 Purpose and scope
  • Sec. 491.2 Definitions
  • Sec. 491.3 Certification procedures
  • Sec. 491.4 Compliance with Federal, State and local laws
  • Sec. 491.5 Location of clinic
  • Sec. 491.6 Physical plant and environment
  • Sec. 491.7 Organizational structure
  • Sec. 491.8 Staffing and staff responsibilities
  • Sec. 491.9 Provision of services
  • Sec. 491.10 Patient health records
  • Sec. 491.11 Program evaluation

• MILLER v. MEDICAL CENTER OF SOUTHWEST LOUISIANA (5th Cir. , June 14, 1994) (patient never came to hospital within the meaning of EMTALA statute)
• GREEN v. TOURO INFIRMARY (5th Cir., June 4, 1993) (plaintiffs failed to offer evidence contradicting the hospital's contention that it had fulfilled its obligations under EMTALA statute, resulting in grant of summary judgment)

• Not-for-Profit Hospitals: Conversion Issues Prompt Increased State Oversight. HEHS-98-24. 35 pp. plus 4 appendices (16 pp.) December 16, 1997. Reviews the process that some not-for-profit hospitals have used in converting to for-profit status, focusing on: (1) the method used to value assets; (2) the process used to solicit interest and obtain bids; (3) the terms negotiated as part of the sales agreement, including provisions for continued charity care; (4) the extent of community involvement in the process; (5) how the proceeds from the sale were used to fulfill charitable missions; and (6) the role state and federal governments play in regulating and monitoring hospital conversions.
• Medicare Managed Care: HMO Rates, Other Factors Create Uneven Availability of Benefits (Testimony, 05/19/97, GAO/T-HEHS-97-133). GAO discussed aspects of Medicare managed care, including greater choice and equity across the program.
• Medicaid Managed Care: Challenge of Holding Plans Accountable Requires Greater State Effort (Letter Report, 05/16/97, GAO/HEHS-97-86). Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed state efforts to hold managed care plans accountable for meeting Medicaid program goals and for providing beneficiaries enrolled in capitated managed care plans the care they need.
• Health Insurance: Management Strategies Used by Large Employers to Control Costs (Chapter Report, 05/06/97, GAO/HEHS-97-71). Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the strategies of large, innovative purchasers who have attempted to stem the rapid escalation in health insurance costs while maintaining or enhancing the quality of care for their employees.
• Medicare HMO Enrollment: Area Differences Affected by Factors Other Than Payment Rates (Letter Report, 05/02/97, GAO/HEHS-97-37). Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the factors affecting Medicare risk health maintenance organization (HMO) enrollment.
• Medicare HMOs: HCFA Can Promptly Eliminate Hundreds of Millions in Excess Payments (Letter Report, 04/25/97, GAO/HEHS-97-16). Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO provided information on Medicare's rate-setting method for paying risk contract health maintenance organizations.
• Medicare Managed Care: HCFA Missing Opportunities to Provide Consumer Information (Testimony, 04/10/97, GAO/T-HEHS-97-109). GAO discussed: (1) Medicare beneficiaries' need for comparative information on health maintenance organizations (HMO); and (2) steps the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) could take to meet that need promptly.
• Medicaid Fraud and Abuse: Stronger Action Needed to Remove Excluded Providers From Federal Health Programs (Letter Report, 03/31/97, GAO/HEHS-97-63). Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Inspector General's (OIG) process for excluding providers from federal health care programs.
• Medicaid: Recent Spending Experience and the Administration's Proposed Program Reform (Testimony, 03/11/97, GAO/T-HEHS-97-94). GAO discussed recent Medicaid spending trends and their potential implications for future outlays.
• Medicare HMOs: Potential Effects of a Limited Enrollment Period Policy (Letter Report, 02/28/97, GAO/HEHS-97-50). Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed how a limited enrollment period would affect the Medicare program, private health plans, beneficiaries, and employers who provide Medicare supplemental benefits to retirees.
• Medicare HMOs: Rapid Enrollment Growth Concentrated in Selected States (Letter Report, 01/18/96, GAO/HEHS-96-63). Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO provided information on the: (1) number of Medicare beneficiaries enrolling in health maintenance organizations (HMO); and (2) factors that influence beneficiaries' decisions to enroll in HMO.
• Practice Guidelines: Managed Care Plans Customize Guidelines to Meet Local Interests (Letter Report, 05/30/96, GAO/HEHS-96-95). Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed how managed health plans make use of existing clinical practice guidelines.
• Medicaid Managed Care: Serving the Disabled Challenges State Programs (Chapter Report, 07/31/96, GAO/HEHS-96-136). Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO examined state efforts to include disabled Medicaid beneficiaries in prepaid managed care programs.
• Medicare: Private Payer Strategies Suggest Options to Reduce Rapid Spending Growth (Testimony, 04/30/96, GAO/T-HEHS-96-138). GAO discussed strategies to curb Medicare spending, which has grown by over 10 percent a year since 1989, twice the rate of the national economy.
• Private Health Insurance: Millions Relying on Individual Market Face Cost and Coverage Tradeoffs (Chapter Report, 11/25/96, GAO/HEHS-97-8). Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO provided information on the private individual health insurance market.
• FHA Hospital Mortgage Insurance Program: Health Care Trends and Portfolio Concentration Could Affect Program Stability (Letter Report, 02/27/96, GAO/HEHS-96-29). Pursuant to a legislative requirement, GAO reviewed the Federal Housing Administration's (FHA) Hospital Mortgage Insurance Program.
• Medicare Claims: Commercial Technology Could Save Billions (Letter Report, 05/05/95, GAO/AIMD-95-135). Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the Health Care Financing Administration's (HCFA) potential use of commercial technology to detect Medicare billing errors.
• Medical Liability: Impact on Hospital and Physician Costs Extends Beyond Insurance (Letter Report, 09/29/95, GAO/AIMD-95-169). As Congress considers proposals to reduce to tort liability in the health care industry, little consensus exists on the extent to which medical liability-related spending boosts hospital and physician expenditures, a central issue in the debate over health care reform.
• Health Care: Employers Urge Hospitals to Battle Costs Using Performance Data Systems (Letter Report, 10/03/94, GAO/HEHS-95-1). Many large employers have become increasingly concerned about the wide variation in hospital costs across their communities.
• Medicaid Managed Care: More Competition and Oversight Would Improve California's Expansion Plan (Letter Report, 04/28/95, GAO/HEHS-95-87). Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed California's Medicaid managed care program, focusing on: (1) state oversight of managed care contractors; (2) state plans for expansion; and (3) key issues in implementing the expanded program.
• Medicare: Increased HMO Oversight Could Improve Quality and Access to Care (Letter Report, 08/03/95, GAO/HEHS-95-155). The Congress is considering ways to attract Medicare beneficiaries to health maintenance organizations (HMO) and other forms of managed care in hopes of containing cost growth while preserving or improving quality and access to care.
• Health Insurance Regulation: Variation in Recent State Small Employer Health Insurance Reforms (Fact Sheet, 06/12/95, GAO/HEHS-95-161FS). Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO provided information on state legislation to improve portability, access, and rating practices for the small-employer and individual health insurance markets.
• Health Care: Employers and Individual Consumers Want Additional Information on Quality (Letter Report, 09/29/95, GAO/HEHS-95-201). Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO provided information on health care quality issues, focusing on: (1) how consumers use health care performance reports that contain comparative data on the quality of health care providers; and (2) what information consumers consider most important.
• Medicare Managed Care: Growing Enrollment Adds Urgency to Fixing HMO Payment Problem (Letter Report, 11/08/95, GAO/HEHS-96-21). Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO reviewed Medicare payments to health maintenance organizations.
• Managed Health Care: Effect on Employers' Costs Difficult to Measure (Letter Report, 10/19/93, GAO/HRD-94-3). Many employers believe that, in principle, managed care plans save money, but little empirical evidence exists to support this view.
• Hospital Costs: Cost Control Efforts at 17 Texas Hospitals (Letter Report, 12/09/94, GAO/AIMD-95-21). This report provides information on how the increased use of managed care may have influenced cost control efforts at 17 urban hospitals in Texas.
• Medicare: Changes to HMO Rate Setting Method Are Needed to Reduce Program Costs (Chapter Report, 09/02/94, GAO/HEHS-94-119). During the 1980s, the per capita costs of providing health care to the elderly under Medicare increased 59 percent, even after adjusting for inflation.
• Health Care Alliances: Issues Relating To Geographic Boundaries (Letter Report, 04/08/94, GAO/HEHS-94-139). A common feature of many health reform bills is the creation of public or private health purchasing groups, known as alliances.
• Access to Health Insurance: Public and Private Employers' Experience With Purchasing Cooperatives (Letter Report, 05/31/94, GAO/HEHS-94-142). One of the few areas of widespread agreement in the health care debate is that small businesses and other small organizations have a tough time buying and keeping health insurance for their employees.
• Hospital Compensation: Nationally Representative Data on Chief Executives' Compensation (Letter Report, 08/16/94, GAO/HEHS-94-189). Hospital-reported data showed that chief executives received an average of $129,000 in compensation for overseeing hospital operations in 1991.
• Health Care Reform: "Report Cards" Are Useful but Significant Issues Need to Be Addressed (Chapter Report, 09/29/94, GAO/HEHS-94-219). As part of the debate over health care reform, Congress is considering requiring health plans to provide prospective purchasers with information on the quality of care they furnish.
• Health Care: Federal and State Antitrust Actions Concerning the Health Care Industry (Letter Report, 08/05/94, GAO/HEHS-94-220). In response to a request to review antitrust enforcement actions involving hospitals by the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), GAO found that of 397 acute care hospital mergers reviewed by Justice and the FTC in the 13 year period of fiscal year 1981 through fiscal year 1993, less than 4 percent were challenged.
• Hospitals: Chief Executives' Compensation, 1989-1991 (Testimony, 12/07/93, GAO/T-HRD-94-70). In recent years, the media have scrutinized the high salaries--some approaching $1 million annually--paid to health care executives, in some cases linking them to the rising cost of health care.
• Medicaid: HealthPASS: An Evaluation of a Managed Care Program for Certain Philadelphia Recipients (Chapter Report, 05/07/93, GAO/HRD-93-67). Federal and state policymakers believe that managed care programs are less expensive than traditional fee-for-service medical care, but critics express concern that cost-control measures may harm patient access to care and the quality of care.

• INTERNET CONNECTION FOR MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS To accelerate the pace with which health-related institutions become part of the electronic information web, NLM is offering grants to support institution-wide Internet connections.
• DOJ: Press Releases The latest from the Justice Department.
• FedWorld: Health Care U. S. Government health care links.
• FTC News Releases The latest from the Federal Trade Commission.
• Health Care Financing Administration HCFA's Home Page.
• HCFA: Nursing Home
• HCFA: Medicare & Home Health Care
• HCFA: Skilled Nursing Facilities
• HCFA: Managed Care in Medicare and Medicaid
• HCFA: Managing Managed Care
• HCFA Health Watch
• HCFA: Press Releases The latest news from the Health Care Financing Administration.
• HCFA: Testimony Testimony from the Health Care Financing Administration.
• HHS: Press Releases The latest from the Department of Health & Human Services.
• HHS: Speeches Speeches issued by the Office of the Assistant Secretary For Public Affairs.
• HHS: Policy Forum Department of Health and Human Services policy page.
• Health Care Antitrust: A Manual for Changing Provider Organizations Succeeding in the current health care environment requires innovative integration strategies. Yet hospital mergers, provider groups and integrated delivery systems are coming under increased antitrust scrutiny by federal and state enforcement agencies.
• Health Law: listserv@lawlib.wuacc.edu Health Law list. Send the following message: subscribe healthlaw-L Your Name
• Health Law Listserv Archives Threads from Washburn University's Heath Law lsitserver.
• Home Health Care Management: listserv@usa.net Home Health Care Management issues list. Send the following message: subscribe homehlth Your Name
• HSR - The Health Service Research Journal The official journal of the Association for Health Services Research.
• HSR: Local Markets and Systems: Hospital Consolidations in Metropolitan Areas This study examines the formation of local hospital systems (LHSs) in urban markets through the year 1992. We argue that a primary reason why hospitals join LHSs is to achieve improved positions of market power relative to threatening rivals.
• infoMCI: HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY Sponsored by infoMCI: a product of networkMCI BUSINESS.
• LJX: HEALTH LAW NEWS Health law offerings from Law Journal Extra.
• NANDO: Health & Science News Nando Times top health stories of the day.
• National Clearinghouse on Managed Care and Disabilities
• National Health Information Center The National Health Information Center (NHIC), formerly the National Health Information Clearinghouse, was established in 1979 to help both professionals and the general public locate health information.
• NEWSPAGE: Health Insurance & Managed Care Top stories from Newspage, an information service from Individual.
• NEWSPAGE: Healthcare Top stories from Newspage, an information service from Individual.
• NLM HyperDOC The National Library of Medicine (NLM), located on the southeast corner of the campus of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland, is the world's largest library dealing with a single scientific/professional topic.
• OMC Monthly Report - Prepaid Health Plans The Medicare Prepaid Health Plans Monthly Report provides the status of active and terminated Medicare contracts.
• Opus Communications' HealthWave - Headlines The headlines listed below are taken from this week's Executive Briefings on Hospital Regulations. This "Monday Morning Eye-Opener," is faxed to subscribing health care facilities by 6 a.m. every Monday morning.
• RAND: The Effects of Competition and Regulation on Hospital Bed Supply This article uses a simple queuing model to examine several factors that affect hospital bed supply decisions and the reservation quality of the hospital.

Avicenna Systems ~ Cyberspace_Hosp ~ Galaxy Medicine Index ~ Group Health Cooperative ~ HCIA home ~ Healthcare Marketplace ~ HealthGate - Home Page ~ HealthNet ~ HealthSeek ~ Healthwise ~ HHS: GrantsNet ~ Hospital.Net ~ HospitalWeb ~ JCAHO Home Page ~ Mayo Clinic ~ Medical Library Association ~ Meta Directory of Internet Health ~ National Health Information Center ~ NCQA ~ NHLA ~Nonprofnet ~ Nonprofit Professionals Network ~ NY TIMES: Your Health Daily ~ Opus Communications' HealthWave ~ RAND Home Page ~ Sokrates : Medical Related Newsgroups ~ U.S. Non-Profit Organizations Law ~ VA Policies ~ Virtual Hospital